Razi

Non-metals are elements that mostly lack the properties of metals and can exist as gases, liquids, or solids. They are usually dull and not shiny, except for some like iodine. Non-metals are generally poor conductors of heat and electricity, with an exception being graphite, a form of carbon that can conduct electricity. Their melting points tend to be lower than metals, and they are brittle, meaning they break easily and cannot be bent or shaped. Chemically, non-metals have high electronegativity and ionization energy, so they tend to gain electrons in reactions, forming negative ions and acidic oxides when combined with oxygen. Non-metals include elements such as carbon, sulfur, iodine, oxygen, and hydrogen. Some non-metals, like carbon, show allotropy, existing in different forms with distinct physical properties, such as diamond and graphite. Non-metals do not exhibit malleability or ductility, unlike metals, and they do not produce metallic bonding which accounts for…

Changes of state refer to the physical transformations that matter undergoes when it changes from one state to another, such as between solid, liquid, and gas. These changes happen when matter absorbs or loses energy, usually in the form of heat, causing the particles to move more or less and rearrange themselves without changing the substance's chemical composition.

Key changes of state include:

• Melting: Solid to liquid (e.g., ice melting into water) when heat is added.

• Freezing: Liquid to solid (e.g., water freezing to ice) when heat is removed.

• Evaporation/Boiling: Liquid to gas (e.g., water boiling to steam) when more heat is added.

• Condensation: Gas to liquid (e.g., steam cooling to water droplets) when heat is removed.

• Particle theory states that everything (solids, liquids, gases) is made of tiny moving particles.​

• The particles move because of their kinetic energy, which means their moving energy.​

• How much the particles move depends on their energy and the type of material.​

• These differences help explain why matter can be solid, liquid, or gas.​

• Particle theory helps us describe how particles are arranged and move in solids, liquids, and gases.​

• Particle theory states that everything (solids, liquids, gases) is made of tiny moving particles.​

• The particles move because of their kinetic energy, which means their moving energy.​

• How much the particles move depends on their energy and the type of material.​

• These differences help explain why matter can be solid, liquid, or gas.​

• Particle theory helps us describe how particles are arranged and move in solids, liquids, and gases.​

Changing states means when something changes from one form to another — like from a solid, to a liquid, or to a gas.

From the FuseSchool and Twinkl videos:

• Solid: The particles are packed tightly together and don’t move much. Solids keep their own shape. (Example: ice)

• Liquid: The particles are a bit farther apart and can move around. Liquids can flow and take the shape of their container. (Example: water)

• Gas: The particles move freely in all directions and spread out. (Example: steam)

When things get hot or cold, they can change between these states:

Particle theory tells us that everything around us is made up of tiny tiny pieces called particles. You can't see these particles because they're super small. These particles are always moving, but how they move depends on what they are part of.

1. In solids (like ice or a rock): The particles are packed tightly together and just wiggle in one place. That’s why solids keep their shape and don’t flow.

2. In liquids (like water): The particles are close but can slide past each other, so liquids take the shape of the container but keep the same amount of space.

3. In gases (like the air): The particles move around freely and spread out to fill any space. That's why gases don't have a fixed shape or size.

4. When you heat things, the particles move faster and can change from solid to liquid to gas. When it gets colder, they slow down…

Matter means everything around us — anything that takes up space and has weight, like air, water, or a rock. Scientists say matter can exist in three main forms, called states of matter: solid, liquid, and gas.​

Solid

A solid keeps its own shape. The particles inside a solid are close together and don’t move much — like in a popsicle, rock, or a table.​

Liquid

A liquid doesn’t have its own shape. It takes the shape of whatever container it’s in, but it always keeps the same amount or volume. The particles in a liquid are a bit apart and move around freely — like water or juice.​

Gas

Matter means everything around us — anything that takes up space and has weight, like air, water, or a rock. Scientists say matter can exist in three main forms, called states of matter: solid, liquid, and gas.​

Solid

A solid keeps its own shape. The particles inside a solid are close together and don’t move much — like in a popsicle, rock, or a table.​

Liquid

A liquid doesn’t have its own shape. It takes the shape of whatever container it’s in, but it always keeps the same amount or volume. The particles in a liquid are a bit apart and move around freely — like water or juice.​

Gas

Electrolysis is like a magic trick that helps us get pure metal from a mixture that contains some dirty bits or other things mixed in. When we use electrolysis for copper, we put two rods in a special liquid — one rod has impure copper (called the anode) and the other has pure copper (called the cathode). When we pass electric current, the copper from the impure rod moves through the liquid and sticks to the pure rod, slowly making it bigger and cleaner.

Electrolysis is like a magic trick where electricity is used to split things apart. Imagine you have water or salty water. When electricity goes through it, it breaks the water into tiny parts called hydrogen and oxygen gases. This happens because the electricity pulls the bits that are positive to one side and the bits that are negative to the other side, so they come apart. It's like a game where positive and negative parts move to different places when electricity is on. This splitting helps us get useful things like hydrogen gas or pure metals from salty or melted stuff.

1. Electrolysis means breaking things using electricity.

2. We use two metal rods and a liquid called an electrolyte.

3. Electricity passes through the liquid.

4. The liquid then splits into different parts.

5. One part goes to the positive side, the other to the negative side.

6. Example: Water breaks into hydrogen and oxygen gases.

Electrolysis is a process in which electricity is used to split water into hydrogen and oxygen gases. When a direct current flows through water, oxygen appears at the positive electrode (anode), and hydrogen is released at the negative electrode (cathode). Typically, twice as much hydrogen is produced as oxygen by volume. Because pure water does not conduct electricity well, substances like salt are often added, though this is less environmentally friendly. Using a proton exchange membrane (PEM), hydrogen can be extracted from pure water, because the membrane allows necessary particle movement between anodes and cathodes.

Related

Summarize the key steps shown in the video for water electrolysis

Explain the roles of anode and cathode in the video demonstration

List the materials and setup used in the video for the electrolysis cell

Compare PEM electrolysis vs simple saltwater electrolysis shown

Atoms – 5 Points

• Everything around us is made up of tiny particles called atoms.

• An atom is so small that we cannot see it with our eyes.

• Atoms are the building blocks of matter.

• Each element (like oxygen, gold, or iron) is made of only one kind of atom.

• When atoms join together, they form molecules (like H₂O for water). Atomic Structure – 5 Points

The atom is the core building block of all matter. It has a central, dense nucleus that contains positively charged protons and neutral neutrons. Surrounding this nucleus are tiny, negatively charged electrons that zip around in specific energy shells. The number of protons defines the element (its Atomic Number), while the electrons determine how it reacts with other atoms. Overall, a neutral atom has equal protons and electrons.

Atoms are the smallest units of matter, made up of protons, neutrons, and electrons. Protons and neutrons form the tiny central nucleus of the atom, while electrons orbit around this nucleus in defined shells or energy levels. The number of protons in the nucleus determines the element and its atomic number. Atoms are electrically neutral overall because they have equal numbers of protons and electrons. Atomic structure explains the identity, stability, and properties of elements and is the basis for all chemical reactions.

Related

Give five simple lines on atomic models evolution

Summarize quantum numbers in five concise lines

Explain electron configuration rules in five lines

Describe chemical bonding basics in five short lines

Physical Change (5 lines)

1. No new substance is formed.

2. Only shape, size, or state changes.

3. Often reversible.

4. Properties remain the same.

5. Example: ice melting, cutting paper.