States of matter
🪨 Solid
Fixed shape and volume
Particles are tightly packed
Strong forces between particles
Particles vibrate in place
Not easily compressed
Liquid
Fixed volume, no fixed shape
Particles are close together
Particles can slide past each other
Flows and takes the container's shape
Not easily compressed
Gas
No fixed shape or volume
Particles are far apart
Particles move rapidly and randomly
Easily compressed
Creates pressure by particles hitting container walls
Plasma
Very high-energy state
Gas becomes ionised
Contains positive ions and free electrons
Conducts electricity
Examples: Sun, stars, lightning
Changes of State
Endothermic — energy absorbed
Solid → Liquid = Melting
Liquid → Gas = Vaporisation
Solid → Gas = Sublimation
Gas → Plasma = Ionisation
Exothermic — energy released
Liquid → Solid = Freezing
Gas → Liquid = Condensation
Gas → Solid = Deposition
Plasma → Gas = Recombination
Particle energy
Higher temperature → greater average kinetic energy → faster particles.
Evaporation
Happens at the surface
Can occur below boiling point
Causes cooling
Diffusion
Particles spread from high concentration → low concentration.
Fastest in gases.
Non-Newtonian fluids
Their resistance to flow changes when force is applied.
Oobleck: slow force → flows; sudden force → becomes much more resistant to flow.