Formal and Informal Communication
Communication in schools or workplaces happens in two main ways: formal and informal.
🔹 Formal Communication
Definition:Formal communication is when messages are sent through official channels using professional language.
Examples:
Notices on a noticeboard
Emails and memos
Official reports
Staff or school meetings
Features:
Planned and structured
Follows the organisation’s hierarchy
Uses clear and professional language
Usually recorded or documented
Formal communication is important for sharing official decisions, instructions, and policies.
🔹 Informal Communication
Definition:Informal communication is when information is shared casually using everyday language.
Examples:
Talking with friends
Discussions during break time
Conversations in the canteen
This is often called the “grapevine.”
Features:
Unofficial and spontaneous
Fast spreading
Not recorded
Can include rumours or gossip
Sometimes managers use the grapevine to test people’s reactions before officially announcing new ideas. However, it can also spread false information.
🔄 Direction of Communication in an Organisation
Communication can move in different directions within an organisation:
⬇️ 1. Downward Communication (Arrow A)
From managers to employees
Used for instructions and decisions
Does not always allow feedback
Messages may become distorted if passed through many levels
⬆️ 2. Upward Communication (Arrow B)
From employees to managers
Provides feedback and suggestions
Helps managers improve decisions
Encourages employee involvement
↔️ 3. Horizontal (Lateral) Communication (Arrow C)
Between people at the same level
Helps departments share ideas
Can be formal or informal
May sometimes cause conflicts between departments