Keshu

1. Conduction of Heat (Complete Explanation)

Conduction of heat is the process by which heat is transferred through a material without the material itself moving.

Key idea

• Heat flows from a hot region to a cold region

• The particles of the substance vibrate faster in the hot region

• This energy is passed to neighboring particles

📌 No bulk movement of matter occurs

Where does conduction occur?

• Mainly in solids

• Especially effective in metals

Example

• A metal spoon placed in hot tea becomes hot even though only one end is in the tea

• Heat travels through the spoon by conduction

Why conduction happens

• Due to particle collisions

• In metals, due to free electrons (very important point)

2. Conduction (Physics Concept in Short)

Conduction is one of the three modes of heat transfer:

1. Conduction

2. Convection

3. Radiation

Definition

How conduction works in solids

• Particles are tightly packed

• When heated, they vibrate more

• They transfer energy to neighboring particles

Conduction in metals

• Metals have free electrons

• These electrons move quickly and transfer heat faster

• That’s why metals are good conductors

Conduction in liquids and gases

• Very slow

• Because particles are far apart

3. Conductors

Definition

Conductors are materials that allow heat to pass through them easily.

Why conductors conduct heat well

• They have free electrons

• Particles transfer energy quickly

Examples of conductors

• Copper

• Aluminium

• Iron

• Silver

• Steel

Uses of conductors

• Cooking utensils

• Heat exchangers

• Radiators

• Electric irons

4. Insulators

Definition

Insulators are materials that do not allow heat to pass through them easily.

Why insulators block heat

• They lack free electrons

• Particles transfer energy very slowly

Examples of insulators

• Wood

• Plastic

• Rubber

• Glass

• Wool

• Air

Uses of insulators

• Handles of utensils

• Thermos flasks

• Refrigerator walls

• Winter clothes