Classifying Plants
1. Thallophytes (Algae)
Simplest plants — no true roots, stems, or leaves.
They grow mostly in water (fresh or salty).
They make their own food using sunlight water and Carbondioxid(photosynthesis).
Some are green, others can be red or brown.
Examples: Spirogyra, Seaweed, Ulva, Volvox
Fun fact: Algae make a lot of the Earth’s oxygen!
2. Bryophytes (Mosses and Liverworts)
These are called amphibians of the plant kingdom.
They grow in damp, shady places like rocks and walls after rain.
Have small leaf-like and stem-like parts but no true roots.
Reproduce using spores (tiny seed-like parts).
Examples: Funaria (moss), Riccia (liverwort)
Fun fact: Bryophytes help stop soil erosion by holding the soil together!
3. Pteridophytes (Ferns and Friends)
Have roots, stems, and leaves.
Do not produce flowers or seeds, only spores.
Usually grow in shady, moist places.
Examples: Fern, Equisetum (Horsetail), Marsilea
Fun fact: Ferns are some of the oldest plants on Earth — they lived even when dinosaurs were around!
4. Gymnosperms
Have roots, stems, leaves, and seeds.
But seeds are not inside fruits (naked seeds).
Have cones instead of flowers.
Usually tall evergreen trees.
Examples: Pine, Cycas, Deodar
Fun fact: Some gymnosperms can live for thousands of years.
5. Angiosperms (Flowering Plants)
The most advanced group of plants.
Have flowers, fruits, and seeds.
Their seeds are inside fruits.
Found everywhere — from gardens to forests!
Examples: Rose, Mango, Sunflower, Grass, Apple, Rice
Fun fact: Angiosperms make up about 80% of all plants on Earth!
Angiosperms Are Further Divided Into:
Monocots – Have one seed leaf (cotyledon)
Examples: Rice, Wheat, Grass, Banana
Dicots – Have two seed leaves (cotyledons)
Examples: Mango, Rose, Bean, Pea
Fun Fact :
Some plants can actually “talk” to each other — not with words, but by releasing special
chemicals through the air or soil For example, when one plant is attacked by insects, it can send a signal to nearby plants to make chemicals that keep the insects away.