Rawhiya

🌍 Rocks, Materials, and Soil (Easy Way)

🪨 What are rocks?

Rocks are hard things found on the Earth.

They are made of minerals.

We see rocks on mountains, roads, and riverbeds.

Examples: stone, granite, marble

Definition

Day and night happen because the Earth rotates (spins) on its axis.

Main details

The Earth spins once in 24 hours.

The side of Earth facing the Sun has day.

The side of Earth facing away from the Sun has night.

Definition

Fossils are the remains or traces of plants and animals that lived on Earth long ago and got preserved in rocks.

Main Details

Fossils form over millions of years.

They are usually found in sedimentary rocks.

Fossils help scientists learn about ancient life and Earth’s history.

Definition

Thermal energy is the energy produced by heat due to the movement of tiny particles inside an object.

Main details

Everything around us is made of tiny particles.

These particles are always moving.

When particles move faster, the object has more thermal energy.

Definition

The Moon is Earth’s natural satellite, and moon phases are the different shapes of the Moon that we see from Earth as it moves around Earth and reflects sunlight.

Main Details

The Moon does not produce its own light; it shines because it reflects sunlight.

It takes about 29½ days for the Moon to complete one full cycle of phases.

The Moon phases change gradually because of the relative positions of the Sun, Earth, and Moon.

Definition

Moving planets are planets that travel through space by moving in fixed paths called orbits around the Sun.

Main Details

Planets do not stay still; they are always in motion.

Each planet moves around the Sun in an oval-shaped path called an orbit.

This movement is called revolution.

Definition

Soil is the top layer of the Earth where plants grow. It is made of small rock pieces, water, air, and dead plants and animals.

Main Details

Soil forms very slowly over a long time.

It gives plants nutrients and support.

Soil holds water needed by plants.

Definition

Electricity is a form of energy that comes from the movement of tiny charged particles called electrons.

It helps us run lights, fans, phones, computers, and many machines.

🔹 Main Details About Electricity

Electricity flows through materials called conductors (like copper).

Materials that do not allow electricity to pass are called insulators (like rubber and plastic).

KINETIC ENERGY

Definition

Kinetic energy is the energy an object has because it is moving.

Main Details

It depends on movement

The faster an object moves, the more kinetic energy it has

Defenition

Friction is a force that resists the motion of one surface over another. It slows down or stops moving objects.

Main details

Friction happens when two surfaces touch each other.

It can be helpful or unhelpful.

There are different types of friction:

Definition:

Seeing forces means observing the effects of a force on objects, even though the force itself cannot be seen.

Main details:

A force is a push or a pull. Forces can make objects move, stop, change speed, change direction, or change shape. We know a force is acting when we notice these changes. Forces can be contact forces (touching) or non-contact forces (without touching).

Examples:

Wind moving leaves

1. Magnets attract materials like iron, nickel, and cobalt.

2. Every magnet has two poles — north and south.

3. Like poles repel, and unlike poles attract.

4. The area around a magnet where its force acts is called the magnetic field.

5. Magnets can be natural or artificial.

6. Compass needles use magnets to show direction.

1. Push

2. Pull

3. Motion

4. Vector

5. Magnitude

6. Direction

1. An electromagnet is made by winding a wire into a coil and passing electric current through it.

2. The magnetic field is produced only when electricity flows in the coil.

3. The strength of an electromagnet depends on the number of coil turns and the amount of current.

4. Electromagnets are temporary magnets, which means they lose magnetism when the current stops.

5. They are used in devices like electric bells, cranes for lifting scrap iron, motors, and speakers.

1. Gravity is a force that pulls everything toward each other.

2. It keeps us standing on the ground and not floating away.

3. When we drop something, gravity makes it fall down.

4. Gravity is the reason we have weight.

5. The Sun’s gravity keeps all the planets moving around it.

6. The Moon goes around Earth because of Earth’s gravity.

Examples:

1. Railway tracks – small gaps are left so they don’t bend in hot weather.

2. Bridges – expansion joints are added to allow safe expansion.

3. Thermometers – the liquid inside rises when heated.

4. Electric wires – they sag in summer because they expand.

5. Metal lids on jars – lids loosen easily if dipped in hot water, as the metal expands.

1. Earth is the planet where humans, animals, and plants live.

2. It is the third planet from the Sun.

3. About 71% of Earth is water and 29% is land.

4. The land is divided into 7 continents.

5. There are 5 main oceans on Earth.

6. It spins once in 24 hours, causing day and night.