Keshu

What are atoms like

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Atoms are made up of three kinds of particles: protons, neutrons, electrons.

These particles are arranged in a similar way in every atom

The protons and neutrons are tightly packed in the center. There they form the nucleus of the atom.

The electrons orbit the nucleus around it.

Dispersal

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Seeds contain embryo plants. When they start to grow, each plant need water, light and mineral salts in order to grow well.

If all the seeds just fell of the plant onto the ground, they would all be trying too grow in the same place. The new little plants would all compete with each other for water, light and mineral salts. They would also have to compete with the parent plant, too.

The new plants have a better chance of growing if they are in a different place. They need to be dispersed away from the parent plant and others

if seedlings (young plants) grow next to there parent plant they may not get enough water, light or mineral salts to grow well.

Mineral salts are inorganic nutrients absorbed by plants in the form of dissolved ions from the soil solution. These essential elements, which include both macronutrients and micronutrients, are vital for a plant's growth.

Plants absorb mineral salts as ions from the soil solution primarily through their roots.

ineral salts are essential for plant growth, providing necessary elements like nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium, which support cell structure, photosynthesis, and enzyme activity.

Magnesium and nitrate are key components of the essential inorganic salt, magnesium nitrate.

Difference between Fertilizer and Manure Mineral salt fertilizers are inorganic compounds that provide essential nutrients like nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium to plants in a readily available form.

Summary

Energy Transfer

Photosynthesis reaction needs a supply of energy to make it happen. This energy comes from light. During photosynthesis, the plant's leaves absorb the energy of light. The energy is stored in the glucose that is made. The glucose is a store of chemical potential energy.

Storing Carbohydrates

Glucose is a sugar. Sugar belong to a group of chemicals called carbohydrates.

Plants usually make much more glucose than they need to use immediately. They store some of it as glucose. Glucose is a soluble in water, which makes it difficult to store inside a cell.

 Defense System 🧬

The immune system is your body’s personal army. Its main job? Protect you from invaders like bacteria, viruses, fungi, and parasites. It spots anything that doesn’t belong (like germs) and destroys it before it causes trouble. Think of it as a high-tech security system that’s always on patrol — scanning for intruders and neutralizing them fast.

Two Main Parts 🧠

Your immune system has two big branches:

• Innate Immunity: Fast, non-specific, always ready to act.

• Adaptive Immunity: Slower at first but learns and remembers enemies for the future.

Definition

Enzymes are biological catalysts. They speed up chemical reactions inside living organisms without being used up. For example, digestive enzymes like amylase help break down starch into sugar quickly, which would otherwise take too long.

Function

The main function of enzymes is to lower the activation energy of reactions. This means reactions can happen faster and at normal body temperature, instead of needing extreme heat or energy. That’s why life processes can occur smoothly in cells.

Active Site

Every enzyme has an active site, a special region where the substrate (the molecule it acts on) binds. The active site’s shape matches only its specific substrate, like a lock fitting a key, which is why enzymes are highly specific.

1. Only 2 research topic.

2. No mention of Santhosh Ji's work

3. Atomic research and respiration is not a specific topics

 It’s the process by which cells break down glucose (sugar) to release energy. This energy is used for all the activities in the body, like moving, growing, repairing tissues, and keeping warm.

There are two main types:

• Aerobic respiration: Needs oxygen.

• Anaerobic respiration: Happens without oxygen.

Aerobic Respiration – This is the main way our body gets energy. Glucose reacts with oxygen to produce carbon dioxide, water, and lots of energy (ATP). It mostly happens in the mitochondria of the cell.\

Mitochondria – These are called the “powerhouses of the cell” because most of the energy from aerobic respiration is produced here. They’re like tiny factories turning glucose into usable energy.