Unit-2 chapter-2 Pg:- 68,69,70,71

An electrical circuit is a closed loop path that allows the flow of electric current. It's like a continuous pipeline for electricity, made up of various components working together.

Basic Components:

• Energy source: This provides the driving force for the current, like a battery or generator.

• Conductors: These are materials that allow electricity to flow easily, typically wires made of metal.

• Loads: These are devices that convert electrical energy into other forms, like light bulbs, motors, or resistors.

• Controls (optional): Components like switches or variable resistors can control the flow of current.

Key Concepts:

• Closed loop: The circuit must be a continuous path for current to flow. A break in the circuit stops the flow.

• Current: This is the flow of charged particles (usually electrons) through the circuit, measured in amperes (A).

• Voltage: This is the pressure that pushes the current through the circuit, measured in volts (V).

• Resistance: This is the opposition to current flow, measured in ohms (Ω).

Circuit Types:

• Series circuit: Components are connected one after another, with the same current flowing through each.

• Parallel circuit: Components are connected side-by-side, with the same voltage across each but varying currents.

Two fundamental laws govern the behavior of circuits:

• Ohm's Law: Relates voltage, current, and resistance: V = I * R.

• Kirchhoff's Laws:

  • Current Law (KCL): The total current entering a junction equals the total current leaving it.

  • Voltage Law (KVL): The sum of voltages around any closed loop in a circuit is zero.

Electrical circuits are the backbone of modern technology, powering everything from simple devices to complex electronics. Some examples include:

• Power grids delivering electricity to homes and businesses.

• Electronic circuits in computers, smartphones, and other devices.

• Control circuits in appliances and industrial machinery.