🔹 What is Chemical Bonding?

Chemical bonding is the joining of atoms to make molecules or compounds. Atoms bond because they want to become stable (achieve 8 electrons in their outer shell → octet rule).

🔹 Main Types of Bonds

Covalent Bond

Covalent bonding happens because atoms share electrons to complete their outermost shell and become stable.

It usually occurs between non-metal atoms that cannot easily lose or gain electrons, so they share them instead.

ionic bonding

Ionic bonding is a type of chemical bonding in which one atom transfers electrons to another, creating positively and negatively charged ions that are held together by strong electrostatic attraction. For example, in sodium chloride, sodium gives an electron to chlorine, forming Na⁺ and Cl⁻ ions that stick together because of their opposite charges.

metallic bonding

Metallic bonding is the type of chemical bonding that occurs in metals, where metal atoms release their outer electrons to form a "sea of electrons" that move freely around the positive metal ions. This free movement of electrons holds the metal atoms together and gives metals their special properties like electrical conductivity, malleability, and ductility.