1. How do trees transport water from roots to leaves against gravity without a heart?

Water moves from the roots to the leaves through xylem in the stem and trunk using transpiration, water potential, adhesion, and cohesion, all without a heart.

2. Why do tree rings form, and what can they tell us about past climates?

Tree rings form in the trunk due to changes in cambium activity during seasons, and their size reveals information about past climate, like drought or rainfall.

3. Can a tree survive if its bark is completely removed (girdled)? Why or why not?

No, because girdling removes the bark and phloem, stopping the flow of sugars from leaves to roots, which leads to tree death.

4. What causes some trees to grow in twisted or spiral shapes?

Spiral growth happens due to genetic variation, uneven hormone (like auxins) distribution, or environmental stress affecting the stem or branches.

5. How do trees manage gas exchange through bark and leaves simultaneously?

Trees use stomata in leaves and lenticels in bark for gas exchange, allowing oxygen and carbon dioxide to move in and out at the same time