1. The red dust is made of iron oxide (rust).

2. Mars is colder than Earth because it’s farther from the Sun and has a thin atmosphere.

3. Mars volcanoes are called that because they erupted long ago.

4. Yes, Mars once had water in lakes and rivers.

5. Phobos and Deimos are Mars’s two small moons.

6. Phobos is bigger and closer; Deimos is smaller and farther away.

1. Mars’s day is almost the same as Earth’s (24.6 hours) because it rotates at a similar speed, which makes daily routines easier for humans.

2. Mars’s polar ice caps have frozen water and CO₂ that grow and shrink with seasons, unlike Earth’s, which are mainly frozen water with stable patterns.

3. Big challenges for building on Mars include thin air, cold weather, radiation, dust storms, and getting supplies from Earth.

4. Humans could try terraforming Mars, but it would take thousands of years and raise big environmental and ethical questions about changing another planet.

5. With today’s technology, humans could survive for months or a few years on Mars, but only in protected shelters with constant support.