1. Cell Wall

• What it is: A strong outer layer.

• What it does: Protects the cell and gives it shape.

2. Cell Membrane (Plasma Membrane)

• What it is: A thin layer just inside the cell wall.

• What it does: Controls what goes in and out of the cell (like food, water, and waste).

3. Cytoplasm

• What it is: Jelly-like fluid inside the cell.

• What it does: Fills the cell and holds everything in place. Chemical reactions happen here.

4. DNA (in the Nucleoid)

• What it is: The cell’s genetic material (instructions for the cell).

• What it does: Controls the cell’s functions. It floats freely in the cell, not in a nucleus.

5. Ribosomes

• What they are: Tiny dots inside the cell.

• What they do: Make proteins that the cell needs to grow and work.

6. Plasmids

• What they are: Small, extra circles of DNA.

• What they do: Give the cell extra abilities (like resistance to antibiotics).

7. Flagella (optional)

• What they are: Long tail-like structures.

• What they do: Help the cell move around.

8. Pili or Fimbriae (optional)

• What they are: Hair-like structures on the surface.

• What they do: Help the cell stick to things or other cells.

my note

Prokaryotic Cells have no true nucleus

they are is in bacteria