Day-1 Date: 9-06-2025

1. Unicellular organisms:

   • Escherichia coli.

   • Diatoms.

   • Protista.

   • Protozoa.

2. Multicellular organisms:

   • Animals.

   • Fungi.

   • Embryophyte.

3. The different kingdoms in bio:

   • Animalia[has nucleus]Plantae[has nucleus]

   • Fungi[has nucleus]

   • Protista[has nucleus]

   • Bacteria.

   • Archaea.

4. 

   The funcations of all past given in the image:

   • A-Cell membrane: A thin, flexible barrier that surrounds the cell. It controls what enters and leaves the cell, helping to protect it and maintain a stable environment.

   • B-Cytoplasm: A jelly-like fluid that fills the cell. It supports and holds the organelles in place and is where many important chemical reactions happen.

   • C-Vacuole: A storage sac inside the cell. In animal cells, vacuoles are usually small. They store nutrients, waste products, and help keep the cell's shape.

   • D-Mitochondria: These are the "powerhouses" of the cell. They break down food to release energy in the form of ATP,which the cell uses to do work.

   • E-Nucleus: The "control center" of the cell. It contains the cell’s genetic material and controls activities like growth, metabolism, and reproduction.

   • F-Ribosomes on rough endoplasmic reticulum: Ribosomes make proteins. The rough ER is a network of tubes covered in ribosomes, and it helps in making and transporting proteins to other parts of the cell or outside the cell.

     
     

Day-2 Date:10-06-2025

1. Nitogen cycle: A vital biogeochemical process that converts nitrogen into different chemical forms as it moves through the environment, including the atmosphere, land, and water.

   
   

   

   1. Nitrogen Fixation:

   • Process: Conversion of nitrogen gas (N₂) from the atmosphere into ammonium ions (NH₄⁺).

   • How it happens:

   • By nitrogen-fixing bacteria (e.g., Rhizobium, Azotobacter).

   • By lightning (natural fixation).

   • By industrial processes (e.g., Haber process).

   • Purpose: To make atmospheric nitrogen usable by plants and soil organisms.

     
     

   2. Ammonification (Including Deamination):

   • Ammonification: The process by which decomposers break down dead organisms and waste, releasing nitrogen.

   • Deamination: A key step in ammonification.

   • What happens: Amino acids from proteins lose their amino group (–NH₂).

   • Result: Ammonia (NH₃) is released and quickly forms ammonium ions (NH₄⁺) in the soil.

   • Organisms involved: Decomposer bacteria and fungi.

     
     

   3. Nitrification:

   A two-step process that converts ammonium into nitrates.

   Step 1:

   • Ammonium ions (NH₄⁺) → Nitrite ions (NO₂⁻)

   • Bacteria involved: Nitrosomonas

   Step 2:

   • Nitrite ions (NO₂⁻) → Nitrate ions (NO₃⁻)

   • Bacteria involved: Nitrobacter

   • Purpose: Nitrates are absorbed by plants to make proteins, restarting the nitrogen cycle.

   
   

   Day-3 Date:11-06-2025

1. INTRODUCTION TO CELLS:

A cell is the basic unit of life, capable of performing all vital activities. All living organisms are composed of one or more cells.

Two main types:

• Prokaryotic cells: No true nucleus; simple.

• Eukaryotic cells: Have a true nucleus and complex organelles.

2. CELL TYPES:

   1. Prokaryotic Cells[Example: Bacteria and Archaea]:

Features:

• No membrane-bound organelles.

• DNA is circular, located in the nucleoid region.

• Cell wall made of peptidoglycan.

• May have plasmids, pili, flagella.

b. Eukaryotic Cells[Example: Plants, animals, fungi, protists]:

Features:

• Contain membrane-bound organelles.

• DNA enclosed in the nucleus.

• Complex internal structure.

3. CELL STRUCTURE AND ORGANELLES:

   1. Cell Membrane:

Structure: Phospholipid bilayer with embedded proteins.

Function:

• Protects the cell.

• Regulates transport.

• Involved in signaling and cell recognition.

b. Nucleus:

Structure:Surrounded by a double-layered nuclear envelope

Contains nucleoplasm, chromatin, and nucleolus

Function:

• Stores and protects genetic material.

• Coordinates cell activities: growth, metabolism, reproduction.

• Nucleolus synthesizes ribosomal RNA.

c. Ribosomes:

Structure: Small, non-membranous particles made of rRNA and proteins

Location: Free in cytoplasm or attached to Rough ER

Function:

• Protein synthesis: Translate mRNA into polypeptides.

d. Endoplasmic Reticulum:

1. A. Rough ER:

Structure: Covered in ribosomes

Function:

• Synthesizes and transports proteins.

• Proteins are folded and modifed here.

2. B. Smooth ER

Structure: Lacks ribosomes

Function:

Synthesizes lipids and steroids.

Detoxifies drugs and poisons.

Regulates calcium ions.

e. Golgi Apparatus

Structure: Stack of flattened, membrane-bound sacs

Function:

• Modifies, sorts, and packages proteins and lipids.

• Produces lysosomes and secretory vesicles.

f. Mitochondria

Structure: Double membrane; inner membrane has folds

Function:

• Site of aerobic respiration.

• Converts glucose and oxygen into ATP.

• Has its own DNA.

g. Chloroplasts (plant cells only)

Structure: Double membrane; contains thylakoids arranged in grana

Function:

• Site of photosynthesis.

• Converts sunlight, CO₂, and water into glucose.

• Contains its own DNA.

h. Vacuoles

Structure: Fluid-filled sac enclosed by a membrane (tonoplast in plants)

Function:

• Storage of water, nutrients, waste.

• Maintains turgor pressure in plant cells.

• In animal cells, involved in endocytosis/exocytosis.

i. Lysosomes (mainly in animal cells)

Structure: Vesicles containing hydrolytic enzymes

Function:

• Digests old organelles, macromolecules, and pathogens.

• Involved in autophagy and apoptosis.

  
  

j. Vesicles

Structure: Small, membrane-bound sacs

Function:

• Transport substances within and out of the cell.

• Includes secretory vesicles, transport vesicles, and lysosomes.

  
  

k. Cytoskeleton

Structure: Network of protein filaments:

• Microfilaments: support and movement

• Intermediate filaments: structure and stability

• Microtubules: shape, transport, spindle fibers

Function:

• Maintains cell shape.

• Moves organelles and the cell itself.

• Essential during cell division.

l. Cell Wall (plants, fungi, bacteria)

Structure:

• Plants: made of cellulose

• Fungi: made of chitin

• Bacteria: made of peptidoglycan

Function:

• Rigid support and protection.

• Prevents excessive water uptake.

m. Cytoplasm

Structure: Gel-like substance + organelles

Function:

• Medium for chemical reactions.

• Supports and suspends organelles.

1. Insulin: Insulin is a hormone produced by the pancreas that plays a crucial role in regulating blood sugar (glucose) levels. It helps glucose enter cells for energy or storage, and is essential for people with diabetes, where the body either doesn't produce enough insulin or can't properly use it.If your pancreas stop working, your body loses its ability to produce insulin and digestive enzymes, leading to diabetes and digestive issues.

2. Iron: Iron is a vital mineral in our body that helps form hemoglobin in red blood cells, allowing oxygen to be carried from the lungs to all parts of the body, and also supports energy production, brain function, and a healthy immune system.Iron deficiency, particularly iron-deficiency anemia, can lead to various symptoms and potential complications, primarily due to reduced oxygen transport to the body's tissues. Symptoms can include fatigue, weakness, pale skin, shortness of breath, and a rapid heartbeat.

3. Restrication enzyme: A restriction enzyme is a protein isolated from bacteria that cleaves DNA sequences at sequence-specific sites, producing DNA fragments with a known sequence at each end.

4. Gravitropism&Negative gravitropism: Gravitropism is the growth response of a plant to gravity. Roots show positive gravitropism because they grow downward, toward gravity. In contrast, negative gravitropism is when plant parts, like stems, grow upward, away from gravity.

5. Stem culture: Stem cell culture is the process of growing stem cells in a controlled laboratory environment to maintain their ability to self-renew and differentiate into various cell types. This is achieved by using specialized media and growth factors to support their viability and function.

   
   

   Day-4 Date:12-06-2025

1. Pairs of DNA: Adenine (A) always pairs with thymine (T), and guanine (G) always pairs with cytosine (C). Here's a simpler form: A>T<A,G>C<G. A example: ATTGGACGGT=TAACCTGCCA. This is the opposite strand of DNA of this DNA sequence.

2. Auxin: Auxins are a class of plant hormones, specifically phytohormones, that play a vital role in plant growth and development. They are known for promoting cell elongation and division, particularly in shoots, and play a crucial role in root initiation, secondary growth, and apical dominance. Auxins also influence various other aspects of plant life, including fruit development, flowering, and even serve as herbicides.

   
   

   Day-5 Date:13-06-2025

Parts of reproductive organ:

• Vagina: The vagina is a flexible, muscular canal that connects the cervix to the outside of the body; it serves as the passage for menstrual flow, receives the penis and sperm during intercourse, and acts as the birth canal during delivery, while also maintaining an acidic environment to protect against infections.

• Cervix: The cervix is the lower, narrow part of the uterus that opens into the vagina; it produces mucus that changes in texture during the menstrual cycle to either block or help sperm travel into the uterus, and during labor, it dilates to allow the baby to pass from the uterus into the birth canal.

• Uterus: The uterus is a strong, muscular organ where a fertilized egg implants and grows into a baby; its inner lining, called the endometrium, thickens each month in preparation for pregnancy, and if pregnancy doesn’t occur, the lining sheds during menstruation; during childbirth, the uterus contracts to help push the baby out.

• Ovary: The ovaries are small, oval-shaped glands that store a female's eggs from birth and release one egg during each menstrual cycle; they also produce essential hormones like estrogen and progesterone, which regulate the menstrual cycle, prepare the body for pregnancy, and maintain female secondary sexual characteristics.

• Fallopian tube: The fallopian tube is a narrow, muscular passage that transports the egg from the ovary to the uterus, and it is the typical site where fertilization occurs when a sperm meets the egg; its inner lining has tiny hair-like structures called cilia that help move the egg along smoothly.

2. The jelly coating around the egg: The "jelly coating" on some eggs, like those of frogs, is a gelatinous layer called the egg jelly coat. This layer serves multiple purposes: it increases the apparent size of the egg, making it less vulnerable to predators and water movements, and it also helps attract sperm for fertilization.

   
   

   Day-6 Date:17-06-2025

1. Circulatory system:The circulatory system, also known as the cardiovascular system, is a vital network of organs and vessels that transport blood throughout the body. This system, consisting of the heart, blood vessels (arteries, veins, and capillaries), and blood itself, is essential for delivering oxygen and nutrients to cells while removing waste products.

2. Lympatic system:The lymphatic system is a network of vessels, tissues, and organs that play a crucial role in maintaining fluid balance, supporting the immune system, and absorbing fats from the digestive tract.

3. Vasculour system: The vascular system in plants is a network of specialized tissues that transports water, nutrients, and sugars throughout the plant body. It's made up of xylem and phloem, which are bundled together to form vascular bundles.

4. Excreation:Excretion is the process by which living organisms eliminate waste products from their bodies. These waste products, including metabolic byproducts and excess substances, can be toxic if accumulated. In humans, the kidneys, lungs, and skin play a role in excretion, eliminating substances like urine, carbon dioxide, and sweat.

5. Egestion:Egestion is the process of eliminating undigested food and waste materials from the body, specifically through the anus.

   
   

   Day-7 Date:25-06-2025

1. Arachnids:

   Examples: Spiders, scorpions, ticks, mites.

   Habitat: Mostly land; some mites live in water.

   Body Structure:

   • Body parts: 2 (cephalothorax and abdomen)

   • Legs: 8 legs

   • Antennae: None

   • Eyes: Simple eyes (usually 8)

   • Wings: None

   • Respiration: Book lungs or tracheae

2. Crustaceans:

   Examples: Crabs, lobsters, shrimps, woodlice, barnacles.

   Habitat: Mostly aquatic (marine and freshwater); some live on land.

   Body Structure:

   • Body parts: 2 or 3 (head, thorax, abdomen—or cephalothorax and abdomen)

   • Legs: 10 or more (often with pincers)

   • Antennae: 2 pairs (unique among arthropods)

   • Eyes: Compound eyes

   • Wings: None

   • Respiration: Gills

3. Insects:

   Examples: Ants, beetles, flies, butterflies, mosquitoes.

   Habitat: Terrestrial and freshwater; some in air.

   Body Structure:

   • Body parts: 3 (head, thorax, abdomen)

   • Legs: 6 legs

   • Antennae: 1 pair

   • Eyes: Compound and simple eyes

   • Wings: Most have 1 or 2 pairs of wings (some are wingless)

   • Respiration: Tracheal system

4. Myriapods:

   Examples: Centipedes and millipedes

   Habitat: Moist terrestrial environments (soil, leaf litter)

   Body Structure:

   • Body parts: Head and many-segmented body

   • Legs: Many legs (centipedes: 1 pair per segment, millipedes: 2 pairs per segment)

   • Antennae: 1 pair

   • Eyes: Simple eyes or none

   • Wings: None

   • Respiration: Tracheae

5. Large permaent vacule: A large, permanent vacuole is a key characteristic of plant cells, not animal cells. It's a fluid-filled sac, surrounded by a membrane called the tonoplast, that takes up a significant portion of the cell's volume. This central vacuole stores water, nutrients, and waste products, and plays a vital role in maintaining cell pressure and structural support.

6. Diffusion: Diffusion is the net movement of molecules from a region of higher concentration to a region of lower concentration. This movement is driven by the random motion of molecules due to their kinetic energy. Diffusion continues until the concentration of the molecules is uniform throughout the space.

   
   

   Day-8 Date:19-06-2025

1. Transpiration:Transpiration is the process where plants lose water in the form of vapor, primarily through small pores called stomata.

2. Active transport:Active transport is a cellular process that moves molecules across a cell membrane against their concentration gradient, from an area of low concentration to an area of high concentration.

3. Parts of animo acids:

   • Animo group

   – A nitrogen atom bonded to two hydrogen atoms.

   – This part is basic.

   • Carboxyl Group (-COOH)

   – A carbon double-bonded to an oxygen and single-bonded to a hydroxyl group (OH).

   – This part is acidic.

   • Hydrogen Atom (H)

   – A single hydrogen atom bonded to the central carbon.

   • Central Carbon (Alpha Carbon)

   – The main carbon atom to which all other parts are attached.

   • R Group (Side Chain)

   – This varies between different amino acids.

   – It determines the properties and function of the amino acid (e.g., polar, non-polar, acidic, basic).

4. Carbohydrates:Carbohydrates are a type of macronutrient that, along with proteins and fats, are essential for human nutrition. They are a primary source of energy for the body, and are broken down into glucose, which is used by cells for energy or stored for later use.

   
   

   Day-9 Date:23-06-2025

1. Simple sugars: Simple sugars, also known as monosaccharides, are the most basic units of carbohydrates and consist of single sugar molecules. Examples include glucose, fructose, and galactose. These sugars are easily absorbed and utilized by the body for energy. They are found naturally in many foods like fruits, honey, and dairy products.

2. Hydrolysis: Hydrolysis is a chemical reaction where a compound is broken down by the addition of water.

3. Root cortax: the tissue located between the epidermis (the outermost layer) and the vascular tissue (xylem and phloem) in a root.

4. Renal arteries: The renal arteries are the blood vessels that carry blood from the heart to the kidneys.

5. Renal vein: The renal vein is a blood vessel that carries blood away from the kidney and towards the heart.

   
   

   Day-10 Date:30-06-2025

1. All the muscles in the eye:

   • Rectus Muscles: These include the superior rectus, inferior rectus, medial rectus, and lateral rectus.

   Superior rectus: Elevates the eye and turns it inward.

   Inferior rectus: Depresses the eye and turns it inward.

   Medial rectus: Turns the eye inward (adduction).

   Lateral rectus: Turns the eye outward (abduction).

   • Oblique Muscles: These are the superior oblique and inferior oblique muscles.

   Superior oblique: Depresses the eye, turns it inward, and rotates it outward.

   Inferior oblique: Elevates the eye, turns it inward, and rotates it outward.

   Levator Palpebrae Superioris: This muscle elevates the upper eyelid.

   • Intraocular Muscles:

   Ciliary muscle: Controls the shape of the lens for focusing.

   Sphincter pupillae: Constricts the pupil.

   Dilator pupillae: Dilates the pupil.

2. What is adrenline and why we faint: When adrenline is triggered your pulse rate increases this is when your blood flow to the brain reduces and the blood flow to your heart and muscles increase and people People can faint when they have high adrenaline due to a sudden drop in blood pressure and heart rate, often triggered by the "fight-or-flight" response. While adrenaline prepares the body for action, in some situations, the body's response can be excessive, leading to a temporary lack of blood flow to the brain and causing fainting.

3. Dopemine: Dopamine is a neurotransmitter, a chemical messenger in the brain, that plays a crucial role in the brain's reward system, influencing motivation, pleasure, and motor control. It also functions as a hormone, with roles in regulating prolactin secretion and blood pressure. Dopamine is essential for various bodily functions, including movement, memory, learning, and overall well-being.

   
   

   Day-11 Date: 1-07-2025

1. Blood groups: Blood groups are classifications of blood based on the presence or absence of certain antigens (proteins or sugars) on the surface of red blood cells. The two main systems used to categorize blood groups are the ABO system and the Rh system. The ABO system has four main types: A, B, AB, and O. Each of these can be either Rh-positive or Rh-negative, resulting in a total of eight common blood types.

2. Antigens: An antigen is any substance that can trigger an immune response in the body, causing the production of antibodies.

3. Rh immune globulin injection: Rh immune globulin injections, often called RhoGAM or anti-D immunoglobulin, are used to prevent Rh disease in Rh-negative mothers carrying Rh-positive babies.

   
   

   Day-12

   14-07-2025

1. Egestion: Egestion is the process of expelling undigested food and waste materials from the body.

2. Ingestion: Ingestion is the process of taking a substance into the body, typically through the mouth, and it's the first step in obtaining nutrition. It involves consuming food, liquids, or other materials like medications.

3. Excreatory organs:

   • Liver: It is involed in the detoxfication of toxic substances and deamnation of Animno acids into Ammonia and converting that in to urea.

   • Kidneys: It filters blood and produce urine to eliminate excess water, salts, urea and other waste products.

   • Ureters: It is what transports the urine from the kidneys to urinary bladder.

   • Urinary bladder: It is a hollow organ that stores the urine from kidneys till the process of urination occurs.

   • Urethra: It is a tube that carriers the urine stored in urinary bladder outside of the body.

4. Growth: A increse in the number of cells or the size of cells in a organism. Which permant or irriversable.

5. Nutriation: Nutrition is the process by which living organisms consume, absorb, and utilize food to sustain life.

6. Respriation: It is the breaking down of glucose with[aerobic respiration] and without[Anaerobic respiration]it. This process releses energy and carbon dioxide which is essential for living organisms.

   
   

   Day-13

   15-07-2025

1. Genus: It is a group of living organisms which have the same traits or apperences.

2. Turgid: It means when a cells absorbs liquid it becomes swollen.

3. Flaccid: It means when a cells loose water it shrinks.

4. Amylase: This is a enzyme that helps in the break down of starch into simple sugars. It is produce in the pancrease and salvallery glands.

5. Pepsin: This is a enzyme that breaks down protain into smaller molecules of amino acids. It is found in the inner lining of the stomach.

6. All the enzymes in the small intentestine:

   • Lipase: This enzyme helps to break down fats into smaller molecoles so that it can be absorbed inside of the body and it is seccreted by the pancrease.

   • Proteases: This enzymes helps in the breaking down of pepstide bonds of protain into smaller amino acids.

   • Lactase: This enzymes helps in the breaking down of sugurs found in dairy products like lactose.

   • Sucrase: This enzymes helps in the break down of disaccharide sucrose into its component monosaccharides, glucose and fructose.

   • Maltase: This enzyme helps break down the disaccharide maltose into two glucose molecules.

7. Active transport: Moving molecules to a area of lower concentration to a area of higher concestraition and this reqiuers the cell to expend energy in the form of ATP.

   
   

   Day-14

   16-07-2025

1. What Xylem and Phloom transport:

   • Xylem: It transports water and mineral ions.

   • Phloom: It transports sugars and amino acids.

2. What happens in the atria and ventricals when blood flows: The atria and ventricles work together, with the atria receiving blood and the ventricles pumping it out.

   
   

   Day-15

   17-07-2025

1. Duodenum: its transforms the partilly digested food in your stomach into nutrients which the body can use.

2. Ileum: its absorbs the remaining nutrients in the food which had not been restored in the earlier parts.

Day-15

18-07-2025

1. Insulin for high concetration blood: Insulin is used to lower high concentrations of blood glucose (sugar) because it facilitates the uptake of glucose from the bloodstream into cells for energy or storage.

2. circilar musclues: Circular muscles are muscles arranged in a ring-like pattern around body openings or passages. When these muscles contract, they constrict the opening or passage, and when they relax, the opening or passage widens.

3. Radial muscle: The radial muscle of the eye, also known as the iris dilator muscle, is a smooth muscle within the iris that is responsible for dilighting the pupil. The pupil. This muscle's contraction allows more light to enter the eye.

4. Lens: This is what focuses on the light that enters the Retina.

5. Sperm cell [Hapoloid cell] + Egg cell [Hapoloid cell]=Duoploid cell.

6. Mitosis&Meiosis: Mitosis results in two genetically identical diploid daughter cells, while meiosis results in four genetically unique haploid daughter cells.

7. Continous variation: the gradual, unbroken range of differences observed in a trait or characteristic within a population, rather than distinct, separate categories.

8. Discontinous variation: Traits that show distinct, separate categories with no intermediate forms.

   
   

   Day-16

   21-07-2025

1. Palisade mesophyll: The palisade mesophyll is a specialized tissue found in the leaves of plants, primarily responsible for photosynthesis.

2. Chemical degestion&Phyical digestion: Chemical degestion is the process of breaking down large food molecules into smaller, absorbable molecules using enzymes and other digestive chemicals. And phyical degestion is the process the process of breaking down food into smaller pieces without changing its chemical composition.

3. Vitamin C/Ascorbic acid and its overdose problems: Vitamin C, also known as ascorbic acid, is a vital nutrient that plays many important roles in the body. It's a powerful antioxidant, helps with wound healing, supports the immune system, and is necessary for the growth and repair of tissues. If to much Vitamin C is taken in the person will suffer from Diarrhea, Upset stomach or vomiting, Heartburn, Swelling of esophagus called esophagitis, Stomach cramps, Stomach cramps, Headache and formation of Kidney stones.

4. Vatiamin D/Calciferol and its overdose problems: Vitamin D, also known as calciferol, is vital are regulating the absorption of calcium and phosphorus and facilitating healthy immune system function. And if to much Vitamin D is takin in the person will suffer from a buildup of calcium in the blood. This is called hypercalcemia. Hypercalcemia can cause upset stomach and vomiting, weakness, and frequent urination. It also can lead to bone pain and kidney troubles such as kidney stones.

   
   

   Day-17

   23-07-2025

1. Perastalisis: A series of involuntary, wave-like muscle contractions that move food through the digestive tract.

2. Trachea: The trachea, also known as the windpipe, is a vital part of the respiratory system, acting as a passage for air between the larynx and the lungs.

3. Bronchus: A major air passage within the respiratory system, specifically a large airway that branches off from the trachea and leads into a lung.

4. Alveolus: A tiny, sac-like structure found in the lungs, specifically at the end of the bronchioles.

5. Vasoconstriction: Vasoconstriction is the narrowing of blood vessels by small muscles in their walls.

6. Vacodialation: Vasodilation is the widening of blood vessels due to the relaxation of the blood vessel's muscular walls.

7. How do humans become drunk: As you drink, the alcohol passes into your bloodstream. Ethanol is the intoxicating part of alcohol and its molecules are so small that they can actually pass into the gaps between brain cells. There it can interfere with the neurotransmitters that enable all the brain's activities.

   
   

   Day-18

   Date: 24-07-2025

1. Diuretic: Diuretics, also known as water pills, are primarily used to help the body get rid of excess sodium and water, which can lower blood pressure and reduce fluid buildup in various conditions.

2. Why we become dehydrated after drinking alcohol: Alcohol dehydrates you because it acts as a diuretic, increasing urine production and causing your body to lose more fluids than it takes in.

3. When we drink alcohol it starts off with vasoconstriction and later starts with vasodilation: This occurs because excessive alcohol can damage the blood vessel lining, reducing nitric oxide production and triggering the release of vasoconstricting substances like catecholamine.

4. Vasopression: A hormone that plays a crucial role in regulating the body's water and salt balance, as well as blood pressure.

Day-19

Date: 28-07-2025

1. How your arms contract and relax: When you bend your arm, the biceps muscle contracts, pulling the forearm towards the shoulder, while the triceps relaxes. To straighten the arm, the triceps contracts, pulling the forearm away, and the biceps relaxes. This interplay allows for smooth, controlled movements of the arm.

2. The funcations of Urathra and Sperm duct: The urethra carries urine from the bladder and semen from the sperm ducts out of the body.The sperm duct transports sperm from the testicles to the urethra during ejaculation.

3. XY[Male chromosomes]+XX[Female chromosomes]=XY : X[More domonating chromosome] and Y[More recessive chromosome].

Day-20

Date:29-07-2025

1. Fatty acids: Fatty acids are organic acids with long hydrocarbon chains and a carboxyl group.

2. Lipids: Lipids are a diverse group of naturally occurring molecules, including fats, waxes, and related substances, that are generally insoluble in water but soluble in organic solvents.

3. Chemicla contriseptions: Chemical contraceptives primarily utilize spermicides, substances that kill or immobilize sperm, preventing fertilization.

4. How are carohydrates and fats made in plants: Plants primarily create carbohydrates and fats through photosynthesis. During photosynthesis, plants convert light energy into chemical energy, producing glucose from carbon dioxide and water. This glucose can then be used to synthesize other carbohydrates like starch for storage or be converted into fats.

   
   

   Day-21

   Date:30-07-2025

1. Conduction: This is the process where minerals are transported in the plant with help of vascular tissues.

2. Osmosis: Osmosis is the movement of solvent molecules across a semipermeable membrane from a region of higher water concentration to a region of lower water concentration.

3. Transpiration: The process where plants release water vapor into the atmosphere, primarily through tiny pores called stomata on their leaves.

4. Palisade mesophyll cell: The palisade mesophyll is a specialized layer of cells found in the leaves of plants.The function of the palisade layer, which is also called the palisade mesophyll, is photosynthesis because it contains most of the chloroplasts in the leaf which maximize energy production during photosynthesis.

   
   

   Day-22

   Date:1-08-2025

1. Tugor and flaccid:Turgor and flaccid describe the state of the cell wall and its contents due to water movement. A turgid cell is firm and rigid, with a high turgor pressure caused by water absorption and resulting in the cell membrane pressing against the cell wall. Conversely, a flaccid cell is soft and limp, with a decreased turgor pressure due to water loss, causing the cell membrane to pull away from the cell wall.

2. Denature: The process where a protein or nucleic acid loses its native three-dimensional structure, leading to a loss of its biological function

3. Anemia: Anemia is a condition where the blood has a reduced capacity to carry oxygen, typically due to a deficiency in red blood cells or hemoglobin.

4. Optimim temperture: The specific temperature range at which a biological process or organism functions most efficiently.

   
   

   Day-23

   Date:06-08-2025

1. Chemical digestion: Chemical digestion is the process of breaking down large, complex food molecules into smaller, absorbable molecules using digestive enzymes and other chemicals.

2. Funcations of hydrocloric acid:

   • It creates an acidic environment.

   • It helps in digestion of protein.

   • It kill the microganism in the food.

   • It actives pepsin.

3. Trypsin: A digestive enzyme which breaks down proteins in the small intestine, secreted by the pancreas.

4. Pepsin: The chief digestive enzyme in the stomach, which breaks down proteins into polypeptides.

5. Villi: Villi are tiny, finger-like tissues inside the walls of the small intestine. They play an important role in digestion and help your body absorb nutrients from food.

6. Micro villi: Microvilli are finger-like membrane protrusions, supported by the actin cytoskeleton, and found on almost all cell types.

7. Villius stucture: Each villus contains a core structure with blood capillaries, a lacteal (lymphatic capillary), and a muscle strand, all enveloped by a thin layer of epithelial cells.

8. Lypm nodes: A small bean-shaped structure that is part of the body's immune system.

   
   

   Day-24

   Date:11-08-2025

1. The two types of diffusion:

   • Simple diffusion: Simple diffusion is a form of passive transport where molecules move from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration. This movement happens across a permeable membrane or through a solution without the assistance of transport proteins. It's driven by the molecules' own kinetic energy and doesn't require cellular energy (ATP). The goal is to reach equilibrium, where concentrations are equal on both sides.

   • Facillited diffusion: Facilitated diffusion is a passive transport mechanism that allows substances to move across a biological membrane with the assistance of specific transmembrane proteins. It's a selective process that allows only certain molecules and ions to pass through, while blocking others. This process does not require cellular energy (ATP), as molecules move down their concentration gradient according to Unacademy.