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Potassium bromide is an ionic compound, which is a type of salt. It is a stable, white solid that dissolves easily in water. It is not a metal and its properties are very different from the elements it is made of. Unlike potassium metal, potassium bromide does not react with air or water. The solid form is odorless, and when it is dissolved in water, it can have a pungent, bitter, and salty taste. found: The compound was prepared by chemists like Antoine Balard in 1826, after he discovered the element bromine. Made: It is formed in an exothermic reaction when solid potassium metal reacts with liquid bromine. 2K(s)+Br_2(l)rightarrow2KBr(s)+heat Uses: It is used as a medicine for veterinary medicine to treat seizures in dogs. It was also used in human medicine in the past. • It contains the elements potassium (K) and bromine (Br). Potassium is in Group 1, an alkali metal. Bromine is in Group 17, a halogen. The SECRET ingredient that is making Americans SICK

Armadillos are fascinating creatures. Their name means "little armoured one" in Spanish, which perfectly describes what they are famous for. • An armadillo's shell is made of bony plates called osteoderms .. These plates are covered by tough, scaly skin. The shell protects them from predators. The outer layer of the shell is made of keratin, which is the same protein that makes up human fingernails and hair. These shells can even shield it from bullets .A man shot an armadillo, but the bullet bounced off its hard shell and came back, hitting the man in the face and breaking his jaw • when it sense danger, armadllo rolls into a ball to protect itself. • Armadillos are native to the Americas. They can be found in a variety of habitats, including grasslands, forests, and deserts. They spend a lot of time digging. • Armadillos are insectivores, which means they mainly eat insects. Their diet includes ants and other small insects. They use their strong claws to dig for food and their long, sticky tongues to catch it. • Armadillos are mostly active at night. They are not very good at seeing but have a great sense of smell, which helps them find food.

Human nutrition is about how the human body gets and uses food for energy, growth, and repair. It is a key topic that helps us understand the importance of a balanced diet and how our bodies stay healthy. Balanced Diet: A balanced diet is a diet that contains all the nutrients our body needs in the right amounts. It may vary depending on things like their age, gender, and how active they are. The Seven Main Nutrients: • Carbohydrates: These are the main source of energy for the body. • Proteins: These are used for growth and for repairing tissues. • Fats: These provide a lot of energy and also help keep the body warm. • Vitamins: These are needed in small amounts for a wide range of body processes. • Minerals: These are also needed in small amounts for specific body functions. • Water: This is vital for life. It helps transport nutrients and regulates body temperature. • Dietary Fibre: This is a part of food that cannot be digested. It adds bulk to food, which helps it move through the digestive system and prevents constipation. Malnutrition: Malnutrition is a situation when a person’s diet does not have the correct amount of nutrients. • Undernutrition: When someone consume too little nutrient. This can lead to diseases like scurvy, caused by a lack of Vitamin C, or rickets, caused by a lack of Vitamin D or calcium. • Overnutrition: When someone consumes too much nutrient. This can lead to weight gain and conditions like obesity.

Definition :Opportunity cost is the value of the next best option you give up when you make a decision. It is not always about money – it can also be about time, enjoyment, or any other benefit you miss out on. Why it is important: • Resources like time, money, and energy are limited. • Because of scarcity, people, businesses, and governments must make choices. • Understanding opportunity cost helps us make smarter decisions. Everyday Life Examples: 1. Students If a student spends the evening revising for exams, the opportunity cost may be watching their favorite TV show or hanging out with friends. 2. Workers If a worker chooses to work overtime, the opportunity cost is the family time or rest they give up. 3. Consumers If you buy a new football, the opportunity cost might be the snacks, clothes, or video games you could have bought instead. 4. Producers (Firms)If a company uses land to build a factory, the opportunity cost might be using that land to build houses or a shopping mall. 5. Governments If the government spends money on building new roads, the opportunity cost could be fewer funds for hospitals or schools. Football Example: If you spend your evening playing football, the opportunity cost could be: • Time spent studying and improving grades. • Playing video games with friends. • Doing another sport or hobby. Key Point: Every decision involves giving up something. Opportunity cost reminds us to think: “If I choose this, what am I missing out on?”

Digestive System The digestive system is a group of connected organs that work together to break down the food we eat into smaller parts. These smaller parts can then be absorbed by the body and used for energy, growth, and repair. The system starts at the mouth and ends at the anus. Along the way, several organs help with digestion, either by moving the food or by producing substances that help break it down. 1. Mouth Digestion begins in the mouth. When we eat, the food is placed in the mouth where it is broken into smaller pieces. Inside the mouth, there are teeth, saliva, and the tongue that work together. The teeth chew the food, breaking it into smaller parts. The tongue helps move the food around and mixes it with saliva, which is a watery fluid made by the salivary glands. Saliva contains enzymes that start breaking down carbohydrates. Once the food is soft and mixed well, the tongue pushes it to the back of the mouth where it is swallowed. 2. Teeth Teeth are important for the first step in digestion. Their main job is to cut, tear, and grind the food into smaller pieces so it can be swallowed easily and digested properly. There are four main types of teeth: • Incisors – These are the front teeth used for cutting food. • Canines – These are pointed teeth used for tearing food. • Premolars – These are flat teeth used for crushing food. • Molars – These are larger teeth at the back used for grinding food. 3. Esophagus After swallowing, the food goes down a tube called the esophagus. This is a long, muscular tube that connects the mouth to the stomach. Muscles in the walls of the esophagus gently push the food down in a wave-like motion. This movement is called peristalsis. It takes only a few seconds for food to move from the mouth to the stomach. 4. Stomach The stomach is a hollow, muscular organ that holds the food after it enters from the esophagus. Its main job is to break the food down into a liquid or paste-like form. The stomach does this in two ways: • It squeezes and churns the food using its muscles. • It mixes the food with digestive juices, including acid and enzymes, which help break down proteins. The food stays in the stomach for a few hours. By the time it leaves, it has become a thick liquid called chyme. 5. Small Intestine The small intestine is a long, narrow tube where most digestion and absorption happens. It is about 6 meters long and is divided into three parts: • Duodenum – The first part, where bile and enzymes mix with the chyme. • Jejunum – The middle part, where digestion continues and nutrients begin to be absorbed. • Ileum – The last part, where most of the remaining nutrients are absorbed into the bloodstream. The walls of the small intestine have tiny finger-like shapes called villi, which increase the surface area so more nutrients can be absorbed. 6. Liver The liver is a large organ located on the right side of the body, above the stomach. It has many important functions, but in digestion, its main role is to produce bile. Bile is a yellow-green fluid that helps break down fats into smaller pieces so they can be digested more easily. The liver also helps store nutrients, remove harmful substances from the blood, and manage the balance of chemicals in the body. 7. Gallbladder The gallbladder is a small organ located just under the liver. It stores the bile made by the liver. When you eat fatty food, the gallbladder releases bile into the small intestine. This helps in the digestion of fats. If the gallbladder doesn't work properly, fat digestion can become difficult. 8. Pancreas The pancreas is an organ located behind the stomach. It has two main functions: • It produces digestive enzymes that are sent into the small intestine. These enzymes help break down carbohydrates, proteins, and fats. • It also produces hormones, like insulin, which help control the amount of sugar in the blood. So, the pancreas works in both digestion and in controlling blood sugar levels. 9. Large Intestine After nutrients are absorbed in the small intestine, the leftover material passes into the large intestine. This organ is wider but shorter than the small intestine. Its main jobs are: • To absorb water and some minerals from the waste. • To turn the remaining material into solid waste, called feces. The large intestine includes the colon, rectum, and ends at the anus, where the waste leaves the body. 10 Rectum The rectum is the last part of the large intestine. It is a short, straight section that connects the colon (the main part of the large intestine) to the anus. Function of the rectum: • The rectum stores solid waste (called feces) that has been left over after water and nutrients have been absorbed in the large intestine. • When the rectum becomes full, it sends signals to the brain telling you that you need to go to the bathroom. • It acts as a temporary holding place for waste until it is ready to be expelled from the body. 11 Anus The anus is the opening at the end of the digestive tract through which waste leaves the body. Function of the anus: • It controls the release of feces from the body. • It has muscles called sphincters that open and close to keep waste inside until you are ready to go to the bathroom. • When you decide to pass stool, these muscles relax and allow the feces to leave the body. How they work together Waste moves from the colon into the rectum where it is stored. When the rectum fills up, you feel the urge to have a bowel movement. Then, the muscles around the anus relax so that the waste can leave the body.

. Water pollution is serious problem. . It makes water dirty. . It is caused by waste and chemical. . factories dump dirty water into rivers . oil spills pollute the oceans . clean water is important for life . Dirty water can make us sick . we should not throw trash in water . without water no life is possible. . Everyone must stop water pollution.