Aadya Isai

1.Solids

• The Pull (Force): In a solid, the pull between particles is very strong. This pull holds the particles in fixed positions.

• The Movement: Because the pull is so strong, particles cannot move past each other. They can only vibrate in one spot.

• The Result: This is why a solid keeps a definite shape and volume.

• Temperature Change: When a solid is heated, the particles vibrate faster. This pushes them slightly further apart, which causes expansion. When cooled, they vibrate less and sit closer together, causing contraction.

  
  

2. Liquids

What is the meaning of "Primates"?

In biology, Primates is a taxonomic order of mammals. Humans are members of this group, along with lemurs, monkeys, and apes.

While primates are a diverse group, they share several key physical and behavioral characteristics:

• Grasping Hands and Feet: Most primates have opposable thumbs (and often big toes) that allow them to grip branches or manipulate objects.

• Forward-Facing Eyes: This provides "binocular vision," which allows for excellent depth perception—critical for jumping between trees or hunting.

• Large Brains: Relative to their body size, primates have much larger and more complex brains than most other mammals, supporting higher intelligence and complex social behaviors.

1) Fibrous capsule:

• A tough, thin, transparent membrane wrapping thé kidney.

• It holds the kidney together and protects it from physical damages and infections.

2) Cortex:

• Cortex is thé solid layer of the kidney, located just beneath the renal capsule.

• Renal cortex is the place where filtration of the blood takes place. This is where the nephrons are found.

Excretory Products

Definition

Excretory products are waste substances produced by metabolism, or substances present in excess of the body’s requirements, that are removed from the body by excretion.

1. Carbon dioxide (CO₂)

Formation

• Produced during aerobic respiration in body cells.