Definition and Basics
Weather is the condition of the atmosphere at a particular place and time.
It can change from hour to hour or day to day.
Weather describes short-term atmospheric conditions.
It includes temperature, humidity, precipitation, wind, and cloudiness.
Elements of Weather
Temperature – Measures how hot or cold the air is.
Humidity – The amount of moisture in the air.
Precipitation – Includes rain, snow, sleet, or hail.
Wind – The movement of air from high to low pressure areas.
Cloud Cover – Amount of clouds in the sky.
Air Pressure – The force exerted by air on the surface below it.
Visibility – How far you can see, affected by fog, rain, or snow.
Types of Weather Conditions
Sunny – Clear skies, bright sunlight.
Cloudy – Sky covered by clouds.
Rainy – Water droplets falling from clouds.
Stormy – Thunder, lightning, and strong winds.
Windy – Strong air movement.
Foggy – Low visibility due to condensed water vapor.
Snowy – Frozen precipitation falling as snowflakes.
Instruments to Measure Weather
Thermometer – Measures temperature.
Barometer – Measures air pressure.
Hygrometer – Measures humidity.
Anemometer – Measures wind speed.
Rain Gauge – Measures amount of rainfall.
Weather Satellite – Observes weather from space.
Weather Forecasting
Weather can be predicted using satellites and radar.
Meteorologists study weather patterns.
Weather reports help people plan daily activities.
Forecasts can warn about severe conditions like cyclones or floods.
Accurate forecasting can save lives and protect property.
Weather Changes
Affected by time of day, geography, elevation, and nearby water bodies.
Sudden weather changes can impact travel, health, and agriculture.
Definition and Basics
A season is a period of the year marked by specific weather patterns.
Seasons last for a few months.
They repeat in a yearly cycle.
They affect climate, agriculture, and daily life.
Causes of Seasons
Caused by the Earth’s tilt (23.5°) on its axis.
Also caused by Earth’s revolution around the Sun.
Different parts of the Earth get different amounts of sunlight throughout the year.
Main Seasons
Summer – Hot, dry or humid, longer days.
Winter – Cold, snowy or dry, shorter days.
Spring – Mild, flowers bloom, temperature rises.
Autumn (Fall) – Leaves fall, temperature drops.
Special Seasons in India (Example)
Summer – March to June.
Monsoon – June to September, heavy rains.
Post-Monsoon/Autumn – October to November.
Winter – December to February.
Impact of Seasons
Seasons influence farming and crop cycles.
Affect human clothing and lifestyle.
Influence animal behavior and migration.
Festivals and holidays often depend on seasons.
Seasonal Activities
Swimming in summer.
Snow sports in winter.
Flower festivals in spring.
Leaf viewing in autumn.
Global Variations
Some regions have 4 seasons, others only 2 (wet & dry).
Tropical areas have wet and dry seasons.
Polar regions may only have long winters and short summers.
Seasonal Effects
Longer daylight in summer, shorter in winter.
Health conditions can vary (heatstroke in summer, flu in winter).
Animals may hibernate or migrate seasonally.
Human mood can be affected (e.g., winter blues).
Ecosystems depend on seasonal balance for survival.