1 15

2 A, B, B1, B2, B3, B4, B5 ,B6,B7,B9,B12,C,D,E,K

3 Vitamins help the body work properly. They support important functions like keeping the immune system strong, helping wounds heal, building bones and teeth, converting food into energy, and keeping skin, eyes, and organs healthy. Since the body can’t make most vitamins on its own, we get them from food or supplements.

4 Endogenous vitamins are vitamins that the body can produce or create on its own, at least in small amounts. For example, vitamin D can be made by the skin when exposed to sunlight.

Exogenous vitamins are vitamins that must come from outside the body, usually from food or supplements, because the body cannot make them. Most vitamins, like vitamin C and most B vitamins, are exogenous.

Difference: Endogenous vitamins are made inside the body, while exogenous vitamins must be obtained from the diet or supplements.

5 No

1 Vitamin K is essential for blood clotting. It acts as a cofactor for an enzyme that modifies specific proteins, known as "clotting factors," which are produced in the liver. Without this modification, these proteins would not be able to function properly. When you get a cut or a wound, these clotting factors are activated and work together to form a clot, which stops the bleeding. A deficiency in vitamin K means the liver can't produce enough of these functional clotting factors, leading to a prolonged clotting time and an increased risk of bleeding.

2 Vitamin K also plays a vital role in bone health by activating certain proteins that help to regulate calcium and promote the mineralization of bones. One of the most well-known of these proteins is osteocalcin, which is produced by bone-building cells called osteoblasts. Vitamin K modifies osteocalcin, enabling it to bind to calcium ions and incorporate them into the bone structure. This process is crucial for maintaining bone density and strength. Some studies suggest that a higher intake of vitamin K is associated with a lower risk of bone fractures and osteoporosis.

3 A deficiency of vitamin K is most commonly referred to as vitamin K deficiency bleeding (VKDB), especially in infants. It is also sometimes called hemorrhagic disease of the newborn.

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