1. Junction of Conductors
What: A place where wires meet.
Science : It's where electrons can split and go in different paths.
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2. Cell
What: A single unit that gives electricity.
Science : It has chemicals inside that push electrons from negative to positive.
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3. Battery
What: A group of cells joined together.
Science: More energy comes from more cells connected properly.
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4. Power Supply (general)
What: Gives electrical energy from outside (like from wall socket or lab device).
Science: Can give AC or DC power based on source.
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5. Switch
What: Turns current ON or OFF.
Science: Opens or closes the path for electrons.
Symbol
6. Ammeter
What: Measures how much current (in amps) is flowing.
Science: It has very low resistance so it doesn’t stop the flow.
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7. Voltmeter
What: Measures voltage (difference in energy between two points).
Science: High resistance, so it doesn't allow current to pass.
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8. Lamp (or Bulb)
What: Produces light when current flows.
Science: A filament inside gets hot and glows.
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9. Resistor
What: Limits the current.
Science: It resists the flow of electrons.
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10. Variable Resistor (Rheostat)
What: You can change its resistance.
Science: It lets you control the amount of current.
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11. Potential Divider
What: A way to split voltage between two or more resistors.
Science: Voltage is shared depending on resistance.
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12. LDR (Light Dependent Resistor)
What: Resistor that changes with light.
Science: More light = less resistance.
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13. Thermistor
What: Resistor that changes with temperature.
Science: NTC type: Hot = less resistance.
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14. Fuse
What: Safety device that melts if too much current flows.
Science: Thin wire breaks to stop circuit.
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15. Heater
What: Converts electricity into heat.
Science: Resistor that gets hot.
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16. Earthing (Ground)
What: Safe path for electricity to go into Earth.
Science: Protects humans from electric shock.
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17. Relay Coil
What: Uses magnetism to open/close another switch.
Science: An electromagnet pulls a switch using current.
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18. Magnetising Coil
What: Makes magnetic field when current flows.
Science: Turns wire into magnet (like for making electromagnets).
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19. Generator
What: Converts mechanical energy into electrical energy.
Science: Spinning a coil in magnetic field moves electrons.
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20. Transformer
What: Changes voltage (increase or decrease).
Science: Uses magnetic field between coils.
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21. Diode
What: Allows current in only one direction.
Science: One-way path for electrons.
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22. Motor
What: Turns electricity into movement.
Science: Magnetic field + current = spinning.
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23. LED (Light Emitting Diode)
What: Like diode but also gives light.
Science: When electrons pass, they release photons (light).
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24. DC Power Supply
What: Gives direct current (flows only in one direction).
Science: Same voltage all the time.
Symbol :
25. AC Power Supply
What: Gives alternating current (changes direction).
Science: Electrons move back and forth.
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How do capacitors store energy, and what happens when a charged capacitor is connected to a resistor?
What distinguishes a series circuit from a parallel circuit in terms of current and voltage distribution?
Why does a diode conduct current in one direction only, and how is this useful in rectifier circuits?
What is the significance of the inductor's opposition to changes in current, and how is this used in AC circuits?
How do variable resistors (potentiometers) function in controlling voltage or current in a circuit?