Jaza

kingdom:a kingdom is the largest group used to classify living things. all living organisms are divided into major kingdoms based on their characteristics. for example, animals belong to the animal kingdom, plants belong to the plant kingdom, fungi belong to the fungi kingdom, and so on. it helps scientists organize and study life.

dna:dna (deoxyribonucleic acid) is the molecule that carries all the information about how a living thing looks and works. it acts like an instruction book for building and maintaining an organism. every cell in your body has dna inside its nucleus.

chromosome:a chromosome is a long, thread-like structure made of dna and protein. it is found inside the nucleus of a cell. chromosomes carry genes, and humans have 46 chromosomes (23 pairs) in each cell.

gene:a gene is a small section of dna that controls a particular trait, such as eye color, height, or blood type. genes…

Species

Definition

A species is the basic unit of classification. it refers to a group of organisms that are similar and can interbreed to produce fertile offspring.

• Members of the same species share similar characteristics.

• They have the same number of chromosomes.

• Reproduction occurs naturally within the species.

Haploid (n)

• Explanation: A haploid cell is a cell that contains one complete set of chromosomes (n). This means it has half the total number of chromosomes found in a normal body cell.

•  The 'n' stands for the number of chromosomes in a single set.

• n humans, the haploid number is 23 chromosomes.

• Examples: The only haploid cells in the human body are the gametes .

Diploid (2n)

DNA - the master instruction molecule found in the nucleus of a cell. It is shaped like a double helix (a twisted ladder). The DNA holds all the genetic code, which determines your traits and controls all cell functions. Most DNA has 46 sections called chromosomes which are paired Diploid - cells with 46 chromosomes hiploid - sex cells with 23 chromosomes the haploid in human are known as gametes

Asexual Reproduction

• Works best in stable, predictable environments where the parent genotype is already successful.

• Can quickly colonize new or empty habitats.

• Long-term disadvantage: accumulation of harmful mutations .

Sexual Reproduction

• Generates genetic variation through mixing DNA → offspring can survive new stresses or diseases.

Asexual reproduction: Budding,vegetative propagation, fragmentation, and spore formation

Sexual reproduction :Sexual Reproduction in Plants:

• Involves fusion of male (pollen) and female (ovule) gametes - forms zygote - grows into embryo.

• Flower = reproductive organ.

• Male part (stamen): Anther (pollen) + Filament

• Female part (carpel/pistil): Stigma + Style + Ovary (ovule)

• Binary Fission: The parent organism splits into two equal parts, each developing into a new individual

• Budding: A small growth develops on the parent, eventually detaching as a new organism.

• Fragmentation: Body fragments of the parent form new individualsfragmentation happens frequently and in some organisms, it happens when the organism is in danger

• Vegetative Propagation: New plants grow from parts like stems, roots, or leaves because these parts have buds which has cells that can produce more cellss when exposed to water light or other suitable condition

• Spore Formation (Sporogenesis): Organisms produce reproductive spores that grow into new individuals. These spores are commonly inside molds which burst open when it is matured.

• Parthenogenesis: An unfertilized egg develops into a new organisms

• A cell is a basic structural, functional and biological unit of all living organisms. which basically means all organisms are made up of cell.

• Organisms can be classified into 2 based on cell: unicellular organisms and multi cellular organisms.

• Unicellular organisms are made up of one single cell eg: bacteria, amoeba etc

• Multicellular organisms are made up of thousands of cells eg: Humans, dogs, cat etc Nucleus: This is the control center of the cell. It contains the cell's genetic information (DNA) and controls all of the cell's activities, such as growth and metabolism.

• Mitochondria: Often called the "powerhouses" of the cell. They are responsible for producing the energy (in the form of a molecule called ATP) that the cell needs to function.

• Ribosomes: These are like small factories that build proteins. They can be found floating freely in the cytoplasm or attached to the endoplasmic reticulum.