Structure of a Cell – Extended

• All living organisms are made up of cells. The structure of a cell includes several important parts, each with a specific function. Cells can be broadly classified into two types: prokaryotic and eukaryotic.

  
  

• Here’s a breakdown of the structure of a typical eukaryotic cell:

Cell Membrane : A thin, flexible barrier that surrounds the cell. It controls the movement of substances in and out of the cell.

Cytoplasm : The jelly-like substance inside the cell where most cellular activities take place. It contains all the organelles.

Nucleus : The control center of the cell. It contains DNA and manages cell activities like growth and reproduction.

Mitochondria : Known as the powerhouse of the cell, mitochondria produce energy through respiration.

Ribosomes : These are the sites where proteins are made. They can be found floating freely in the cytoplasm or attached to the endoplasmic reticulum.

Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER) : There are two types: rough ER (with ribosomes) and smooth ER (without ribosomes). The ER helps in the transport of materials and production of proteins and lipids.

Golgi Apparatus : It modifies, sorts, and packages proteins and lipids for storage or transport out of the cell.

Lysosomes : These contain enzymes that break down waste materials and cellular debris.

Vacuoles : Storage structures that hold food, water, and waste. Plant cells usually have one large vacuole, while animal cells have smaller ones.

Cell Wall : (only in plant cells)A rigid outer layer that provides support and protection.

Chloroplasts (only in plant cells) : These contain chlorophyll and are responsible for photosynthesis, allowing plants to make their own food.

• The structure of a cell is highly organized, and each part plays a vital role in keeping the cell—and the organism—alive and functioning.